How to Write the Nuclear Symbol of an Element

How to Write the Nuclear Symbol of an Element This worked problem demonstrates how to write nuclear symbols for isotopes of a given element. The nuclear symbol of an isotope indicates the number of protons and neutrons in an atom of the element. It does not indicate the number of electrons. The number of neutrons is not stated. Instead, you have to figure it out based on the number of protons or atomic number. Nuclear Symbol Example: Oxygen Write the nuclear symbols for three isotopes of oxygen in which there are 8, 9, and 10  neutrons, respectively. Solution Use a periodic table to look up the atomic number of oxygen. The atomic number indicates how many protons are in an element. The nuclear symbol indicates the composition of the nucleus. The atomic number ( the  number of protons) is a subscript at the lower left of the symbol of the element. The mass number (the sum of protons and neutrons) is a superscript at the upper left of the element symbol. For example, the nuclear symbols of the element hydrogen are: 11H, 21H, 31H Pretend that the superscripts and subscripts line up on top of each other: They should do it this way in your homework problems, even though its not printed that way in this example.  Since its redundant to specify the number of protons in an element if you know its identity, its also correct to write: 1H, 2H, 3H Answer The element symbol for oxygen is O and its atomic number is 8. The mass numbers for oxygen must be 8 8 16; 8 9 17; 8 10 18. The nuclear symbols are written this way (again, pretend the superscript and subscript are sitting right on top of each other beside the element symbol):168O, 178O, 188O Or, you could write: 16O, 17O, 18O Nuclear Symbol Shorthand While its common to write nuclear symbols with the atomic mass- the sum of the number of protons and neutrons- as a superscript and atomic number (the number of protons) as a subscript, theres an easier way to indicate nuclear symbols. Instead, write the element name or symbol, followed by the number of protons plus neutrons. For example, helium-3 or He-3 is the same as writing 3He or 31He, the most common isotope of helium, which has two protons and one neutron. Example nuclear symbols for oxygen  would be oxygen-16, oxygen-17, and oxygen-18, which have 8, 9, and 10 neutrons, respectively. Uranium Notation   Uranium is an element often described using this shorthand notation. Uranium-235 and uranium-238 are isotopes of uranium. Each uranium atom has 92 atoms (which you can verify using a periodic table), so these isotopes contain 143 and 146 neutrons, respectively. Over 99 percent of natural uranium is the isotope uranium-238, so you can see that the most common isotope isnt always one with equal numbers of protons and neutrons.

10 Practical Steps to Help You Retire as a Millionaire

10 Practical Steps to Help You Retire as a Millionaire So you want to be a millionaire. Who doesn’t? You’re probably also thinking that there’s no chance in h-e-double-hockey-sticks that you could ever reach that stage by your retirement- at least not in your current job. But there are ways. And plenty of strategies you can employ to set yourself up to retire with that kind of cash. It won’t work for everyone, but at least if you follow these steps, you’ll have saved enough for your retirement.1. Save your money.It’s the simplest advice out there- and the hardest to follow. But if you put aside 20% of your earnings every year (even if you only make $40k) and put that into a 401(k), a combination of factors including investment, compound interest, matching funds, etc. nets you in the seven digits. 401(k)s are also typically protected from creditors in financial catastrophe. $10k a year (which would really only require you to save $5,760) can grow outrageously if invested wisely and you don’ t take anything out of your account until you’re over 70.2. Quit your vices.Millionaires are far less likely to smoke, be overweight and unhealthy, etc. This is because a) smoking is expensive, and b) so is poor health. Start eating quality food and taking care of yourself and you’ll last long enough to enjoy the money you save.3. Get married (and stay married).If this kind of commitment is in the cards for you, there can be significant financial benefits to matrimony. Two incomes. One set of expenses. Tax breaks. You do the math.4. Learn about the tax code.The tax code is the best pal of the rich. Learn about the stepped up basis loophole and learn how to factor deferred liabilities into your tax model. Once you know the rules and how they’re written, you can figure out how to exploit them for your gain.5. Think outside the box.There is no one way to accumulate wealth. And if there were, it probably wouldn’t be salaried or wage employment. The top 1% of households in this country spend only about half their time selling their time for money. Think about business ownership opportunities, personal investment, real estate, mutual funds, stocks, securities, etc.6. Geek out on finance.There are tons of resources out there for how you can make wealth happen for yourself. Learn about all of them: accounts and markets, entrepreneurship, etc. Read blogs and books about money management. Make a program that works for you and stick with it. In 50 years, you’ll be thrilled you did.7. Be prepared for the worst.Crises and emergencies do happen. Prepare yourself for this, rather than getting caught by surprise. Don’t let setbacks negatively impact your saving efforts. Have a rainy day fund to prepare in advance for setbacks.8. Save more as you are able.Once you start earning more, bump the amount you save from month to month. This will help the amount you’re hoarding to spiral into fatter and fatter sums. And don’t aut omatically increase your spending when you start earning more.9. Get/stay out of debt.Debt is not your friend. Make sure you stay as liquid and free from pesky interest rates as possible.10. Be patient.You won’t become a millionaire overnight. But you can start chipping away at a brighter financial future. It just takes making a plan, setting a goal, and sticking to it.

Strategic Business Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Strategic Business Communication - Essay Example In addition, analysis of the truthtm campaign demonstrated that it was positively correlated with reductions in the smoking behavior of youths and young adults (Thrasher et al. 2004). Unfortunately, scholars have also noted that the effectiveness of other campaigns has been more modest. For example, Hankin, Sloan, and Sokol (1998) conclude that the utility of warning labels in reducing alcohol consumption during pregnancy was only slightly effective, and a review of the effectiveness of several state antismoking advertising campaigns found that several campaigns had mixed or even ineffective results (Pechmann and Reibling 2000).† (Rucker and Petty, 39) â€Å"†¦it is essential to consider whether the audience is disposed to scrutinize the information carefully or inclined to process the message in a more peripheral manner (Step 1). Second, it is important to evaluate message characteristics and, when possible, to design the message to contain information that will be persuasive on the basis of the audience’s elaboration level (Step 2). Third, it is necessary to consider whether the goal of the message is to create an enduring attitude change or simply an immediate attitude change (Step 3). Fourth, it is important to evaluate fit among audience elaboration likelihood, message characteristics, and message objectives both conceptually (Step 4) and empirically (Step 5). Finally, if there is a discrepancy between the audience elaboration level and the message characteristics or the goals of the message, it is necessary to consider how to remedy this mismatch (Step 6).† (Rucker and Petty, 40) â€Å"Consider the development of an antismoking television commercial that is designed to advocate parents talking to their children about drug use. The message might feature celebrities telling parents to talk to their children, but it might not provide or disclose the specific benefits of having such conversations† ( Rucker and Petty, 48) â€Å"three key

The Beveridge Report of 1942 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Beveridge Report of 1942 - Essay Example These payments were recommended to be used to pay benefits to the poor and unemployed. In this way, the Beveridge Report argued for a universal welfare system where the care of people will be the responsibility of the state. Such a welfare system was never suggested before in the country and therefore this particular recommendation holds great value in history. In the Beveridge Report, it was also recommended that revolutionary measures were required to solve problems that were in front of the country. The report also called for an end to â€Å"sectional interests† (Beveridge Report Executive Summary, 1942, 7) and argued for a system that treated everyone equally. The report recommended that it was time to grow past philosophy of inequality and to treat everyone equally. This was another ponderous recommendation of the Beveridge Report. The report also called for a health care system of a public nature that will offer free health service to all the citizens of the country (BBC, 1942). This was also a unique recommendation given in the report. Such a system had never been proposed by anyone in the country before. Another important recommendation of the Beveridge Report was that there should be a balance between the role of state and the individual citizen. The report made it clear that it was not arguing in favor of communism as it acknowledged the right of an individual to earn more than that is required for him and his family (Beveridge Report Executive Summary, 1942, 9). This was another important recommendation that differentiated the reforms suggested from communist ideas. A person was free to live an economic life but had an obligation towards the state in the form of insurance payments and other payments, in the return of which state promised free health care, unemployment, and other necessary benefits.

The Benefits Of Study Hall Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Education

The Benefits Of Study Hall   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mark, you won’t get anywhere without studying†, His mother use to tell him when he use to waist all his time playing rather that studying. Mark wasn’t such a good student because he wouldn’t spend any time studying, until one day his parents decided to send him to Cushing Academy, a boarding school in the USA, which they knew it was going to improve his study habits and help him being more responsible. But what really amazed his parents was this period of time used to study called â€Å"Study Hall†. Because of its amazing results, preparation for college, and providing responsibility, Study Hall remains as one of the vital qualities Cushing Academy possess and give students an opportunity to lead in higher education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Study Hall was Mark’s first negative impression of Cushing Academy. He thought this was done in order to keep the students in silence and restrain them from having freedom. After he experienced Study Hall at Cushing for over two months, he could really see the changes and results it produced on him. He realized that he didn’t have to worry about having enough time for his studies. Also, he could see his grades improve every week. One day Mark received a phone call from his mother. Before picking up the phone, the only thought he had in his mind was that he was going to get grounded for his grades or performance at school. He answered the phone and there was his proud mother congratulating him for his wonderful grades he ...

Qualnet

QualNet 5. 0 Tutorial (ELEC 6851) Part 1: Installation TODO: I would recommend getting AITS to provide the installation instructions as I’m sure the license restrictions will determine how/where QualNet gets installed. Part 2: The QualNet 5. 0 Developer The QualNet Developer IDE is a GUI program for developing network scenarios that comes with QualNet 5. 0. It can be used to visually design network scenarios and then run simulations of these networks. Although networks can be designed and simulated in a command-line fashion as well, we will focus on the Developer IDE package. The first step is to open the Developer IDE program.Depending on the installation procedure, it can be opened via the start menu or by opening the directory where QualNet was installed. Double-click on the â€Å"QualNet Developer 5. 0. 1† icon on the desktop (this option is available only if you chose to install desktop shortcuts during installation). Part 3: Setting Up a Network – Basics Th e first task is to create a new network scenario. To do this, go to the File Menu ->New. Save it in your local folder: File Menu ->Save. Choose the local directory where you want to save the scenario. Enter a name for the new scenario (for example, â€Å"Example1†). Click Save.A grid should appear in the right hand window (see Fig 1). This is where we will deploy the nodes and create network connections. The left hand window has four panels: File System, Toolset, Visualization Control and Runtime Analysis (Toolset panel open). 1 Figure 1: A new scenario has just been created. To setup our first network, we will proceed by a simple example of a 15 node wireless network that accesses the channel using the CSMA/CA scheme defined by the 802. 11 protocol. The first step in creating a network is to deploy the nodes. This is done in the right hand window, the so-called Canvas Area.Nodes can be deployed manually according to an arbitrary topology by selecting Toolset -> Device -> Def ault (just a generic node), then clicking anywhere on the canvas area. In adhoc networking scenarios it is often assumed that the nodes are deployed randomly on the terrain and we will assume random deployment in this example. To randomly deploy the nodes we go to the Tool menu -> Node Placement. The Automatic Node Placement Wizard will open (see Fig. 2). Figure 2: Node placement 2 We then enter the desired number of nodes we would like in our network. Node Placement Strategy: Random.It then asks for a seed value for the random number generator (leave it blank). Click OK. The Placement Wizard will close and the nodes will be deployed randomly on the grid in the Scenario Designer window (see Fig. 3). Location of a node may be changed by left clicking the mouse on the arrow button then left clicking it on the node and dragging it to the desired location. Figure 3: Random node deployment We now want to add these nodes to a wireless network. The first step is to select the nodes we wish to add to the wireless network. To do this we can use the selection tools (arrow or lasso in the View Toolbar).Select all of the nodes by using either of the selection tools and left clicking and dragging the mouse around the nodes. To connect these nodes to a wireless network, select Toolset -> Network Components -> Wireless Network. Now click anywhere on the area you selected earlier. A cloud should appear on the canvas area representing this wireless network and the nodes should be joined to this cloud with blue lines representing the newly formed wireless connections (see Fig. 4). 3 Figure 4: The nodes connected to the wireless network. Part 3a: Creation of Application Layer ConnectionsAfter setting up the network, the next step is creation of application layer connections between the nodes. At any time, there may be several connections active simultaneously in the network. Each connection will have a source and a destination node. The source node generates traffic and transmit s to a destination node. Let us create a connection between nodes 3 (source) and 4 (destination), Selection of the source node: Left click the mouse over the arrow selection tool and then left click it over the device symbol for node 3, the color of number 3 should turn to red.Next select a traffic source, the available pre-defined applications such as CBR (Constant Bit Rate), VBR (Variable Bit Rate), FTP Generic, VOIP, and Traffic-Gen are listed in the left window under the heading -Applications. We note that Traffic-Gen generates UDP traffic while FTP Generic generates TCP traffic. Let us select the Traffic Generator button mouse over it. by left clicking the – Creation of the connection: Now left click the mouse over node 3, hold, and drag it to node 4. When the mouse is released over node 4, a green arrow pointing from node 3 to node 4 will appear.This creates a basic Traffic Generation application between the nodes 3 and 4 as source and destination respectively. The next step is to choose the parameter values of this connection: Let us create a Poisson process of data packets at the source and make the packet length exponentially distributed. To do this, click Table View on the bottom of the right window, and select the Application tab. You should see the connection Traffic-Gen 3->4 listed. Double click the connection. A window of Traffic Generator Properties will show up (Fig. 5). Click on the 4 – Packet Size.Recall, we want the packet lengths to be exponentially distributed with mean packet length 2048 bytes. The default size is deterministically set to 512 bytes. Change the Data Size from Deterministic to Exponential. Then change the Mean Size to 2048 bytes. To make the source generate traffic according to a Poisson process, click on Interval from the Traffic Type menu for this connection. By default traffic is generated deterministically every 1 second. Change the distribution of the interval between successive packets to Exponential and change the Mean Interval to 0. seconds (recall that the inter-arrival times for a Poisson process are exponentially distributed). As well, set the Start Time of the connection to Exponential with mean 0. 5 seconds, and the Duration to Deterministic with fixed duration of 30 seconds. These steps have been summarized below, 1. Click on Packet Size Distribution. (The packet lengths are exponentially distributed with mean packet length 2048 bytes. ) Change the Data Size from Deterministic to Exponential. Then change the Mean Size to 2048 bytes. 2. Click on Packet Interval Distribution. The source generates traffic according to a Poisson process. ) Change the distribution of the interval between successive packets to Exponential and change the Mean Interval to 0. 5 seconds. 3. Click on Start Time Distribution Change the distribution to Exponential with mean 0. 5 seconds. 4. Click on Duration Distribution to Deterministic with fixed duration of 30 seconds. – – – Figu re 5 Traffic Generator Properties 5 A wireless network with multiple connections is shown in Fig. 6. Figure 6 A wireless network with multiple connections Part 3b: MAC ProtocolThe default settings of the MAC protocol can be viewed by clicking on Table View in the bottom panel below the canvas. Click the network tab and double click Wireless Subnet (see Fig. 7). MAC 6 protocol determines how the nodes access to the physical channel to transmit their packets. We note that the default MAC protocol is 802. 11 standard. This standard has two modes of operations known as Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Point Coordination Function (PCF). The DCF is more popular in practice and based on the random access mechanism.Briefly, DCF function as follows, (see section 6. 10. 3 in the textbook for the description of this MAC protocol), DCF uses the CSMA protocol, thus a node, with a packet to transmit, first has to sense the channel. If the channel is busy the node backs off for a random amount of time. We note that the channel may be idle at the source but not at the destination node. If the source node senses the channel idle, it transmits a short request to send (RTS) packet. If the channel is also idle at the destination node and it receives the RTS packet then replies with clear to send (CTS) packet.After that the source transmits the data packet and destination node replies with an ACK packet if the packet is received error free which completes the transmission of the packet. If the source node does not receive the CTS packet or an ACK following the transmission of the data packet then it backs off for a random amount of time. A source node may retransmit an unsuccessful packet upto a transmission limit, when that limit is passed then the packet is discarded ( for values of these limits see Fig. 7). – The routing protocol is Bellman-Ford (a Distance Vector routing algorithm).The default settings of the OSI layers can be modified here according to the r equirements of the network. As well, the default settings of an individual node can be viewed by clicking the Nodes tab and double clicking each node. The nodes update their routing tables regularly by exchanging routing packets. We not that in a single wireless subnetwork all the nodes are one hop away from each other, thus there is no routing, but nevertheless nodes will send routing packets regularly. It is worthwhile to spend a few minutes navigating through the menus to learn where to go in order to view or modify parameters in our network scenario.We can right-click the nodes or wireless network in the canvas area. 7 Figure 7 Properties of the MAC Protocol . Part 3c. Wireless channel with Fading We may include fading in the wireless channel by choosing the Scenario Properties button on the left side of the window and then selecting the Channel Properties tab in the new window. (see Fig. 9). In the Channel Properties window go to the row which says Fading Model [0] and click on where it says None. From the drop out menu choose Fading. Then go to the row which says Specify Gaussian Component File, click where it says No and change it to Yes.After this step is taken, a new menu item is open with the name Gaussian Component File, then fill that tab with the following entry, C:/snt/qualnet/5. 0/scenarios/default/default. fading Failure to provide this link will give the following error. â€Å"Error: Error in file .. librarieswirelesssrcpropagation. cpp:3933 PROPAGATION-FADING-GAUSSIAN-COMPONENTS-FILE is missing† 8 Figure 8. Incorporation of fading to the simulation Part 4: Running Simulation The next step is to run simulation of our network. One useful feature of the QualNet Developer package is the ability to trace packets.To enable packet tracing, go to Scenario Properties in the left hand window, select Statistics and Tracing tab, click Packet Tracing in the left window, select Enabled Packet Tracing, click where it says No and change it to Yes. See Fig. 9. 9 Figure 9 Enabling packet tracing. On the Run Toolbar, there are a set of icons related to simulation which include an Open Current Scenario in File Editor, a Run Settings, a Run Simulation and Record Animation Trace. To initialize the scenario, click on the Run Simulation icon . The mode of the Architect will be changed from Design Mode to Visualize Mode.To switch back to Design Mode, click Switch to Design Mode . The Visualization Controls panel opens in the left window. You should see the coordinates icon of the nodes and the current simulation time (which is 0. 0000 seconds) in the output window. Before running the simulation, we note that the Developer package will by default animate various aspects of the simulation such as packet receptions, packet drops and collisions, and unicast and multicast transmissions. Others aspects such as packet queue animation can be enabled by clicking on the button in the Animation Filters which should appear in the left hand window.En able the radio range animation. Simulation will tend to run very fast so if we wish to see the animation it will help to slow down the speed of the animation. This is done by sliding the speed bar to about half way in the Animator window. See Fig10. 10 Figure 10 Initialization and animation settings for simulation The total simulation time can be changed by switching back to the Design Mode, click the Scenario Properties button on the left window, and select the General tab. The Simulation Time is set to 30 seconds by default. We will leave this at its default value for now.We run the simulator by clicking the Play button (Fig. 11). on the menu bar. You should see the simulation animations as the simulator runs Figure 11 Simulation animation during a run. 11 You can enable or disable the different animations while the simulation runs. Wait until the simulation completes. Part 5. Routing of the traffic between subnetworks. We need to have a router for to be able to route the traffic from one wireless subnetwork to another. The router will have two network interfaces each one being member of a one subnetwork.We can create a router as an ordinary node which belongs to both subnetworks. Thus the router node is selected among the nodes belonging to that subnetwork when each subnetwork is created ( see Fig. 12). 12 Figure 12 The two subnetworks communicate through the router node [2] Next we will configure node 2 as a router. For this click on the Table view, then on the Node button, then double click on the row for node 2 and click on the Node Configuration button in the window that opens. Then click on the router properties on the left hand window which displays Fig. 13. Fig. 3 Node configuration window In the Node Configuration window in the row for Type of Router click on the arrow for the value User Specified and from the opening menu choose Predefined. Then in the row for Router Type choose the value Generic. Finally choosing Apply button at the bottom of the window configures node 2 as a router ( see Fig. 14) 13 Fig. 14 Node 2 has been configured as a router Part 6. Simulation Statistics 14 After the simulation has been completed, we can view the data collected during the simulation. To view the statistics of the simulation, click on he Analyze Statistics icon toolbar. in the Components 1- Statistics File If you click on the Statistics File button at the bottom of the window, you will see large amount of per node simulation data. Among the collected statistics we see, – The packets generated by the source nodes and received by the destination nodes are listed as unicast packets. In a connection not all the generated packets may be successfully delivered to the destination. As explained, in Part 3b. a packet will be discarded by the source as a result of reaching the number of retransmissions’ limit.Transmissions may not be successful because of destination node not sending a CTS packet or as a result of the bit errors in t he received packet. We note that the bit errors will depend on the distance between source and destination nodes, fading and shadowing. The strength of the received signal which will decrease as the distance between the source and destination nodes increases. As a result of packet discarding, the throughput of the source and destination nodes in a connection may not be same. – If the distance between two nodes is higher than the node’s transmission range, then, these nodes are not aware of each other.They can not communicate with each other and they will not know each other’s IP addresses. Therefore, if two such nodes will exchange data traffic with each other, the packets will be generated by the Application layer of the source node but they will not be passed to the transport and then to the network layers because the IP address of the destination node is unknown. – In addition to unicast traffic packets, as may be seen there are other packets being tra nsmitted in the network , RTS, CTS, ACK and Broadcasting packets for routing. For each successfully received unicast packet there will be a corresponding ACK path.The number of RTS and CTS packets will correspond to the total number of transmissions of a packet until it is successfully transmitted. 2- Graph Analyzer Window If you click on the Overview button at the bottom of the window, then we can navigate through the Physical, MAC, Network, Transport, and Application layers shown on left hand window. We can access to each layer data by clicking on the button for that layer at the bottom of left hand window. This results in opening of a menu for that layer in the left hand window. Then clicking on any of the menu items displays a submenu.Clicking on any submenu item displays a bar chart for the data collected for that item during the simulation. In Fig. 15 we are ready to view the data collected in the application layer. 15 Fig. 15 Viewing the data collected during the simulation. In Fig. 15, when we click on the Traffic-Gen Client button on the left hand window, then from the drop out menu we click on the data units sent. This results in Fig. 16 which shows the bart charts for the total number of packets generated at the application layer of each node. 16 Fig. 16 Traffic generated at the application layer of each node 17

The Factory Farming Is The Most Valuable Resource On Earth

Drought, Deforestation, pollution of waterways and air pollution; All of these things are thought to be caused by human actions. In recent years, researchers have found that one action seems to be a heavy effector, Factory farms. Although factory farming may seem like the solution to feeding our ever-growing population, the negatives outweigh the positives. Factory farming is largely referred to as Big Ag. Big Ag is the mass production of both animals and vegetables for human consumption. Raising as many animals as you can to make as much profit as you can, is not a new idea. In 1927, the first factory farm appeared on the scene. This farm raised an overwhelming amount of chickens but still didn’t compare to the factory farms today. Today, factory farms do whatever it takes to make the most amount of money without thinking of the results. Water is arguably the most valuable resource on earth. We use it to drink, cook, bathe and grow agriculture. Charles Fishman, author of The Big Thirst, draws attention to the fact that â€Å"the amount of water in the world is the same, too. Fossil fuels get burned and are gone forever. Water remains.† If Fishman is true than why are we suddenly hearing about droughts in California or that scientists are being called to arms to find a way to recycle water quickly. Well, the answer lies in our usage. Before you start looking up simple life style changes like taking a quicker shower or putting a brick in your toilet let’s find out where allShow MoreRelatedHuman Over Use of Water1237 Words   |  5 Pagesbasic needs. Two most significant dangers to global water stability are the increase in Population groundwater reduction. In the last century, the human population has by 5 billion. , while the total amount of drinkable water has slightly decreased see figure 1(Alois 1). Figure 1 A. Important Water Facts Water in the earth is divided to 2 parts: 1-seawater has 97% of Water in the earth 2- freshwaterÙŠ has3% of Water in the earth, but only 16.67% of it(0.5% of Water in the earth ) people can drinkRead MoreThe Prevention of Water Contamination: Mission Impossible?1503 Words   |  7 PagesWater is one of the most vital components of human life. It is a necessity, a precious resource that humans need to live, that is taken for granted every day. There is no possible way for life to be sustained on Earth without water – it just cannot happen. The human body itself is composed of almost eighty percent water: almost 95 percent of the human brain is water. It is common knowledge that pure water is the best water – for humans, and for plants and animals. 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