Influences of Japanese Design on Western Architecture

Influences of Japanese Design on Western Architecture In what ways did the Traditional Architecture and Design of Japan Influence Western Architecture at the turn of the Twentieth Century? Japanese architecture was begun in 57 B.C. Before this time period the majority structures were pit dwellings. In early times Japans architecture was influenced by Korean architecture. The Korean historian have given evidence at time of 57 and 665 B.C in creating original buildings. At that time they built stones which includes Iksan and Miruka. Timber buildings were also made at that time. They were found in underground caves of Samschlich-ong, Yodongsonachong, and Yaksuri. The Japanese architecture tradition is based on the wooden structures of timber, for making Japan attractive they have used little stones for carving. The Japan in the fifth century was fully developed of wood. Architects have designed with gables, saddle roofs, styles and designs. Because the Islands of Japanese architecture are of volcainic origin. The best examples of Japanese architecture is the shrines of the Shinto . After every twenty years they rebuilt these shirnes , the most famous shrine is The Ise Shrine (55 x 127 yards) of the Shinto shrine. Its columns made up from cypress trees , four concentric fences, and the traditional thatched roof, it conveys the message of simplicity and purity. The styles of shrines shows both modern and domestic architecture , the Western architecture were fully influenced from Japanese Architecture. The history of architecture is interesting ,but the Tadao Ando designs forced to undergo Japanese architecture. The westerns has followed their way of structure. 1. WOODEN SINGLE STOREY STRUCTURE: The Japanese architecture is characterized from wooden single storey structure. The main lacking of this tradition is the cave dwellings and stone walls, the nation has not changed their traditional style . In the mid of sixth century ,the Buddhist architecture entered in Japan from China and Korea. The shrine architecture is regarded by the Buddhist architecture which represents the typical wooden single storey structure. The wooden structure is based on posts and beams, its structure from inside is dark that does not suits the human being, the Japanese architecture allows light and breeze, so that there outside area is opened. REFERENCE LIST: http://www.uk.emb-japan.go.jp http://iainmasterton.photoshelter.com CANTILEVER PRINCIPLE: According to the western techniques, material and the styles into Meiji Japan was based on steel and concrete structure. In modern sky scrapers, Japan played an important role because of its familiarity with the cantilever principle to support the heavy tiled temple roofs. Frank Lloyd Wright was fully influenced by Japanese arrangements ideas of interior and exterior spaces, the opening walls of Japan are made up from sliding doors. In the twentieth century the domestic and religious architecture was in Japenese style. The beauty of modern cities sky scrapers was crowded by Tokyos skyline and the total process reflects the western modern forms. After the world war two the urban planning and reconstruction has produced the major architects such as like Maekawa Kunio and Tange Kenzo. Maekawa, the first person who supported Maekawa concept was Charles LeCorbusier , who has full command on modern works.Tange also supported Maekawa and inspire them on Japanese aesthetic ideas into contemporary buildings and the concept of tatamai flooring (sleeping mats) and the textures they were using was brightening the existing ferroconcrete , steel , gardens , sculptures into designs. In a pillar and beam system Tanga has used the cantilever principle for awakening the ancient palaces, the pillar -a hallmark Was a foundation of Japanese historical tradition which is built on timber construction. New city planning was thought by Maki Fumihiko who gave suggestions on the principles of cocooning around an inner space(oku) ,the needs were adopted from urban side. He backed the ideas of Buddhist which is based on the Japanese aesthetic principle and also favored to use the empty spaces (ma). Japanese aesthetic principle was supposed to be based on the Maki designs, which puts attention towards the view of garden and on the sky lines. The architectural concept was changed in 1970 on the metabolism of exchange , they understand the functions of parts of buildings which strongly influenced them. In 1970s and 1980s, the architect Isozaki Arata was a student of Tanga but his theory was focused on LeCorbusier traditions , turned his attention towards the geometric shapes and cubic silhouettes. He formed western technology building to modernize Japan with new styles. In 1980s again a change came to influence their designs and extend it. In the end of 1970s and 1980s they introduced the metaphycisal concepts to reexamine the geometrical shapes to produce fancy architectural designs. They made experiments on Ando Tada style of structure and balanced to modern formula. The building provides a variety of things ehich includes light soruces , glass bricks and opening up of spaces to the outside air. The inner courtyards was adopted by traditional Osaka houses, the urban architecture uses open staircases,and bridges for good atmostphere and standard living. In 1980s his ideas were existing, the buildings were built on open courtyards with terrace spaces, pedestrian walking and built bridges to connect buildings. The third Architecture was awarded, Frances Prix de lAcadà ©mie dArchitecture in 1989 . Japanese architecture was liked by all over the world , because of its modern techniques and styles . Japanese architecture also introduced industrial materials, and a developed awareness of ecological and topographical problems. Tatamai Mats paper doors REFERENCE LIST: http://gojapan.about.com U.S. Library of Congress http://countrystudies.us/japan/82.htm HORIZONTAL AXIS: The large roofs of Japanese architecture is built on horizontal axis and its low profile of shows its presence. It is an achievement of japan that these types of roofs are also present in Asia. In Japan this trend is not because of its climate but ,because of its building structure. In the nineteenith century Japanese were living in single -storey , but when they saw that western are living in two -storey houses .They also started to live in two -storey houses and taller houses. The architects also turned towards facades. In the early twentieth century it was a wake up call for European countries to turned towards Japanese architecture which is based on horizontal axis . The tradition of European architecture was based on vertical axix through facades , but to modernize themselves they started to develop both vertical and horizontal axis. In twentieth century the most prominent architect Kenzo Tange (1913-2005), merged Japanese architecture and mordernism ,which was acceptable by all over the world . It was traditionally composed on the columns and beams for making paintings. Fumihiko Maki, Arata Isozaki, Kisho Kurokawa and Yoshio Taniguchi were the successor of building new designs on horizontal and vertical axis with modern Japanese architecture. At present time Toyo Ito and Tadao continues to take Japanese architecture in new directions. REFERENCE LIST: http://www.uk.emb-japan.go.jp/ GARDENS: HISTORY: The definition of garden is where flowers , fruits and vegetables are cultivated but Japan is more forwarded. In 592 A.D during the reign of Empress Suiko, it is evident that the early gardens were very well developed comprises of artificial hills, ornamental pools and many more . In the Nara period (646-794 AD), the major development occured when japan started trading with China. Chinese changed the culture of Japan and execute the gardens in the elite class of Castles. The nobleman arrange their parties in these gardens where animals, birds and fishes provide movement. In the Heian period (794-1185 AD), the people who can afford gardens they built gardens with Japanese tradition, styles and customs. The Shinden garden is the mixture of Chinese and Japanese style, in ancient Chinese lore, the East was the source of purity and the West was the outlet of impurities. There was no change in kamkura period in Shinden garden, Buddhist priests Zen has created garden for meditation not for entertainment. The decoration of garden was fully favor the meditative qualities which includes: stones, water and evergreens, remaining constant throughout the year. There are few types of gardens which are given below: Flat gardens Tea gardens Hill gardens FLAT GARDENS: Flat gardens are built without hills and water and flat garden is also known as Hira-niwa, the garden is filled with pebbles, raked in circles , they also contains stones , trees , lanterns and many more. stones are symbols of islands. During the Edo period flat gardens are popular for their height. These types of gardens are also found in Buddhist temples. Modern flat gardens are having wells and lanternsfor the purification of gardens. These gardens are built on wood and have a system for passing water . Stones lanterns are working at night but they are not ornamental. The Western Japanese garden Daichi shown as a flat garden. 2. HILL GARDEN: Hill garden is also known as Tsukiyama-sansui which means water and hill .this garden is constructed on three dimensional shapes. These gardens are constructed on traditional and modern designs. Water is essential for hill gardens, they are made on two large stones for the appearance of distance. They are colourful because of its bushes and trees.Japanese hill gardens are the symbol of islands. These islands are built on stones and rocks and plants grow at its top. The designer has built a bridge on the island so they can worship on these objects. According to the philosophical point of view this garden have the essence of nature. The Katsura garden exhibits some characteristics of a hill garden. 3. TEA GARDEN: Tea garden plays an important role in performing tea ceremony, this ceremony is continuing for many years. Tea garden has two parts : the soto-roji (outer garden) and the uchi-roji, (inner garden). The outer garden consists of waiting area where guests waits, and the inner garden where tea is served to guest. Tea garden is built same as hill garden. The tea garden contains wash basin , resting place for the guests who attends the tea ceremony. The outer portion of garden is decorated with trees and plants which shows the symbol of peace. At present time tea garden contains flowers stones and elegant designs which attracts towards the people. The Japanese tea garden is famous all over the world . The tea house of Shugakuin is the heart of the gardens design.

Men, What Are We :: essays research papers

Men, what are we? Men, is described as a mammal, a vertebrates. Rabbit, cow, are also mammals but they follow a rule. They exist with the ecosystem in a unique balance, food web that is determined from producers to 1st order consumer, to 2nd . 1st orders being the herbivore like rabbit. 2nd the predators, fox. Because of the food web the population of a species are well balanced. They now how and when to stop, in growth of a population. But men deny the term mammal. We cry havoc into the world of order and destroy anything that gets in our way. We seek riches and high society. We burn forest after forest, crippling the land once rich, and full of life. Just to produce paper when it can be harvested using hash. To use the land for cattle for 3 year when it could of lived till end of the world it self. What are we? Over the history of time there is the losers and the winners. There have been wars, hatred of different colors of skin. This kind of behavior is seen in the apes, they fight to keep their stasis, show cruelty to others. But they never kill there own. They throw them into exile for a month and they can be reentered into the â€Å"family†. The ape (gorillas) is trying to survive and give the best gene to the next line of youth. We also do that. But that doesn’t explain the cruel behavior to â€Å"unusual† people. We are developed mostly with love, from our families and we hate. We all went though when we were bugged, and battered. Yet, when the time comes and the table has turned to another, we join and show cruelty. There is no animal that behaves like us. Men are trying to survive to, get good job, and give the beast for family. In nature more likely then less there is a born instinct, instinct to eat, run, and swim up the river when time to lay eggs, and instinc t to kill. No matter what there is an individual whom lived in a good family, good life, had all wanted and more. Loving family, and friends. Who become killers for fun, mantle maybe. But most are described as natural born killer. The fact of natural born killer is still deviated, wither the gene can carry a killer, to they are good people but the nurture was bad.

What Is an American

Brian Menezes 02/27/2013 ENG 98 Critical Summary Critical Summary of â€Å"What is an American? This historical perspective relates an important theme of the way that Americans are defined in â€Å"What is an America† by Jean De Crevecoeur. By using European cultural integration within the theme of being â€Å"American†, Crevecoeur essentially reveals how opportunity has made America a nation of many cultures and ethnicities. In being a new nation that could welcome the destitute of Europe to begin new lives, early America becomes the `dream' of wealth and prosperity for those that have the ourage and industriousness to be pioneers. This historical perspective is worth reading due to the information gathering techniques used by Crevecoeur in relation to the American Dream. † Upon reading Crevecoeur's â€Å" What is an American†, one will notice that the Frenchman's opinion of the United States is quite high, to say the least. In explaining his love for Ame rica, and what he feels it means to be â€Å"an American†, Crevecoeur draws comparisons between Europeans and Americans. One of the first points he brings up is the diversity of your typical American. They are a mixture of English, Scotch, Irish, French, Dutch, Germans, and Swedes. † (page 301). Crevecoeur believes that this melting pot, and the â€Å"strange mixture of blood† among colonists, is partially responsible for what makes America such a progressive and diverse nation. In addition, Crevecoeur praises those that live in the middle settlements for their â€Å"indulgences in government† (page 304), knowledge of religion, and desire to be citizens involved with the government. Europe, on the other hand, is lacking in these types. â€Å"What do I say? Europe has no such class of men; the early nowledge they acquire, the early bargains they make, give them a great degree of sagacity. † (Page 304). Crevecouer also believes that America offers to even the misfortunate a chance to attain wealth and happiness. â€Å"Can a wretch who wanders about, who works and starves, whose live is a continual scene of sore affliction or pinching penury, can that man call England or any other kingdom his country? â€Å", â€Å"a country that had no bread for him†¦ â€Å", â€Å"who met with nothing but frowns from the rich†¦ â€Å", â€Å"No! urged by a variety of motives, here they came. † (page 302).Opportunities are, according to Crevecouer, more abundant in America. This is why so many chose to emigrate here in the first place. In summary, â€Å"What is an American? † has presented characteristics of an American as enjoying freedoms and dignities absent in other continents, a descendant of a mixed European race, and an industrious and knowledgeable people in sciences and arts. Though a descendant of western pilgrims, Americans are unified people in a continent that allows them equitable rights and freedoms t hrough modern laws, political and economic systems, and social structures.

Free Essays on American History

1640-1720 The period in American history from 1640-1720 can be characterized by much crisis and conflict. This era saw the establishment of the African slave trade, political unrest aimed towards England, and increasingly violent clashes with Native Americans amidst an expanding frontier. The French were settling the great lakes region, the English and Dutch in the northeast, while Spain had colonies out west. As economies grew and trading expanded, all 3 ‘Old World’ settlements began to overlap into each other which resulted in hostility and war. At the same time, all 3 groups began clashing with Native Americans, mainly over land. Many Puritans insisted on trying to convert the natives to Christianity, with limited success. As colonial populations expanded, so did their need for new land acquisitions. With colonial expansion, the slave trade began to develop, and then flourish to become the mainstay or linchpin of the American economy by 1700. Plantation owners relied heavily on manual labor to cultivate their crops, as fewer and fewer Europeans were willing to indenture themselves for long periods of time, which was common practice before slavery. They were also considered ‘free’, and therefore had better access to decent wages and living conditions elsewhere. This was a problem for landowners, and they found a solution in the â€Å"Triangular Trade†. Mass quantities of slaves were imported from Africa, often through the West Indies. A cycle soon developed, whereby goods produced by slaves were then traded to bondsmen in Africa for more slaves in return. In effect, slaves indirectly funded their own exploitation. Politics began to shift in the colonies during this time. England developed a collective theory on economics called mercantilism. From 1651 to 1673, a series of laws known as the Navigation Acts were put into effect. These were designed to isolate trade markets between England and the colonies. They include... Free Essays on American History Free Essays on American History Schools in the 1770’s Schools back in the 1770’s were very different, Massachusetts and Connecticut both had laws saying every town with fifty families or more in the town must hire a teacher and build a schoolhouse. Most schools in the 1770’s had only one room; witch was freezing cold in the winter. Some towns are considered very lucky to have a schoolhouse because most towns don’t have any! The teacher of the schoolhouse actually held classes in her home. The puritans thought paper was way too much to waste on the students. They wrote on birch bark for their lessons they worked on. There were no chalkboards, globes, or maps for the children to use. The puritans believed that everyone should be able to read the bible. When the children are not working at home, they had to go to school. In school they are taught to read, write, and do arithmetic witch is practically like math. They need to learn all of this stuff above so then they could read the bible, write letters to people, and keep track of their amount of money. Older boys went to grammar schools for the next six years. Most boys sat on hard, cold benches studying Latin, Greek, arithmetic, and geography. Puritans didn’t think that girls needed anymore education then what they all ready learned in a regular schoolhouse. For girls it ended with dame school. Some other young children went to private schools; they were also called dame schools. The villagers put their best clothes on and then walked to the meetinghouse for religious worship. Each one of the schoolmasters had one of the most important tools, a birch stick. A watchman (like a policeman) watched over the meetinghouse so no one would get in. The watchman carried a long pole type thing with a knob on one end and a squirrel tail on the other end of the pole. Some meetings and school lasted all day, but with a break for lunch. On Sundays there were no school or work.... Free Essays on American History 1640-1720 The period in American history from 1640-1720 can be characterized by much crisis and conflict. This era saw the establishment of the African slave trade, political unrest aimed towards England, and increasingly violent clashes with Native Americans amidst an expanding frontier. The French were settling the great lakes region, the English and Dutch in the northeast, while Spain had colonies out west. As economies grew and trading expanded, all 3 ‘Old World’ settlements began to overlap into each other which resulted in hostility and war. At the same time, all 3 groups began clashing with Native Americans, mainly over land. Many Puritans insisted on trying to convert the natives to Christianity, with limited success. As colonial populations expanded, so did their need for new land acquisitions. With colonial expansion, the slave trade began to develop, and then flourish to become the mainstay or linchpin of the American economy by 1700. Plantation owners relied heavily on manual labor to cultivate their crops, as fewer and fewer Europeans were willing to indenture themselves for long periods of time, which was common practice before slavery. They were also considered ‘free’, and therefore had better access to decent wages and living conditions elsewhere. This was a problem for landowners, and they found a solution in the â€Å"Triangular Trade†. Mass quantities of slaves were imported from Africa, often through the West Indies. A cycle soon developed, whereby goods produced by slaves were then traded to bondsmen in Africa for more slaves in return. In effect, slaves indirectly funded their own exploitation. Politics began to shift in the colonies during this time. England developed a collective theory on economics called mercantilism. From 1651 to 1673, a series of laws known as the Navigation Acts were put into effect. These were designed to isolate trade markets between England and the colonies. They include...

Childrens Health essays

Childrens Health essays Exercise and proper nutrition are the key to having a health child. Nutrition and exercise are important because it keeps people's bodies - and minds healthy. Without both of these factors, we wouldn't be feeling or looking very good. Actually, there are so many reasons why exercise and good nutrition are good for people at every age, and it's a good time to teach children to develop healthy habits and see why it's cool to be fit! Exercise makes your heart happy and your heart is one hardworking part, pumping blood every day of your life. The heart is a muscle, and it's the strongest muscle in your body - but it's always looking to become even stronger! Since it can't lift weights to get stronger, it relies on you to do aerobic exercise. Aerobic is a fancy word for needing oxygen, and aerobic exercise is any kind of activity that makes your muscles use oxygen. Aerobic exercise is repetitive; meaning it's an activity you do over and over, to keep bringing fresh oxygen to all of your muscles. When you do aerobic exercise and bring in that oxygen, your heart becomes stronger and even a tiny bit bigger. The number of blood cells in your blood increases, so the blood can carry even more oxygen. The blood in your body even moves more easily through the blood vessels. All these things mean that your body works more efficiently to keep you healthy and you can do lots of exercise without getting worn out. It' s a good idea for kids to do some kind of aerobic exercise two or three times a week, for 20 to 30 minutes at a time. It's not hard to do - some excellent aerobic activities are swimming, basketball, ice or roller hockey, jogging (or walking quickly), inline skating, soccer, cross-country skiing, biking, and rowing. Even dancing, skipping, jumping rope, and playing hopscotch are aerobic activities. Exercise makes muscles and all the muscles in your body do a fine job when you use them for easy stuff, like picking up...

Atomic Energy essays

Atomic Energy essays The users that are infected usually arent aware of the disease until its too late for them to be properly treated. People that get AIDS from having more than one sexual partner effect the life of every person they sleep with. Mothers who are pregnant with AIDS may pass the disease on to their child without them being able to do anything about it. No matter how a person gets the disease their chances of dying are 100%. Family and friends of AIDS patients are effected because they have to see that person go through the disease. In the long run, there is no easy way to deal with AIDS; the burden is something people have to cope with in their own way. Remedies of AIDS are very limited since there isnt a cure for the disease. Treatment for AIDS is given only to slow the disease from spreading rapidly. One major drug called AZT has been highly effective in reducing HIV transmission. The most effective method of preventing HIV and AIDS is education. Parents and schools make the students aware of the disease at an early age so they are at a lower risk. Education and the use of certain drugs have reduced the amount of people who get the disease and die with the disease, but thats not enough. In just one year the amount of people who are infected with HIV has risen 10 percent. AIDS is a social problem that everyone would like to get rid of. The disease is painful emotionally and physically both for the patient and their family. For the disease to be kept under control, massive campaigns and cooperation are needed to spread the education of AIDS to all countries. The commitment and resources needed to create such a project has been a problem since some people dont want to be part of such a dangerous epidemic. Until a cure or something used to prevent AIDS is discovered, the number of HIV infections will continue to rise. All people must learn how to protect themselves and remember its ...

Cognitive Theorists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cognitive Theorists - Essay Example In like manner, students in a vocational school who are required to finish certain skill within a period of time are expected to complete such task (2006). Furthermore, the participation of students and staffs in the attainment of the school’s goal reflects the other assumption of Tolman’s theory that behavior is analyzed through the actions of a larger group rather than the movements of individuals. Although, reward is not evident in the accomplishment of the school’s purpose, students still comply owing to their internal discrimination with the presentation of the goal. After all, the concept of Tolman’s theory indicates that learning and motivation is still possible even without a reward. Cognitive mapping of Tolman could also be applied to vocational trainings considering the performance of the participants. As the instructor teaches a skill, students paint an outline in their brain to indicate the route with how they could retain the sequence of skill s taught. Once a blueprint is fixed in their mind, they can repeat the skill even in the midst of changes or difficulties like when they are nervous.